The generalized ballot property for labeled chips on k-ary trees

Let Nk,N_{k,\ell} denote the number of labeled chips starting at the root of a kk-ary tree in the setting of the paper, and let a stable configuration be one obtained from these chips by chip-firing. For a vertex vv, let its children be ordered from left to right. Generalized ballot property. For every stable configuration resulting from Nk,N_{k,\ell} labeled chips starting at the root, every vertex vv, every i{1,2,,Nk,1}i\in\{1,2,\dots,N_{k,\ell-1}\}, and every a,b{1,2,,k}a,b\in\{1,2,\dots,k\} with a<ba<b, the iith smallest chip in the subtree rooted at the aath leftmost child of vv is less than the iith smallest chip in the subtree rooted at the bbth leftmost child of vv. This generalizes the binary ballot property from comparisons between two sides of a vertex to comparisons among all ordered child subtrees; its validity is presented as an open question.

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Primary source

Ryota Inagaki and Aaron Lin, “Labeled Chip-Firing on Undirected k-ary Trees”, arXiv:2509.17358 (2025).

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