Conjecture on exceptional pairs for representable prime squares

Let a1a_1 and a2a_2 be integers with a2>a1>40a_2>a_1>40 and gcd(a1,a2)=1\gcd(a_1,a_2)=1. Let π2,a1,a2\pi_{2,a_1,a_2} denote the number of prime squares p2ga1,a2p^2\le g_{a_1,a_2} representable as p2=a1x1+a2x2p^2=a_1x_1+a_2x_2 with x1,x2Z0x_1,x_2\in\mathbb Z_{\ge 0}. Exceptional-pair conjecture. One has π2,a1,a2>0\pi_{2,a_1,a_2}>0. Moreover, only finitely many coprime pairs (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2) satisfy π2,a1,a2=0\pi_{2,a_1,a_2}=0, apart from the families (6,6g+5)(6,6g+5), (8,8g+7)(8,8g+7), (12,12g+11)(12,12g+11), and (24,24g+23)(24,24g+23) identified in the theorem preceding the conjecture. The conjecture is based on numerical experiments, and the text gives no resolution.

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Primary source

Yuchen Ding, Weijia Wang and Hao Zhang, “The Diophantine Frobenius Problem revisited”, arXiv:2509.08599 (2025).

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