Conjecture on exceptional pairs for representable prime squares

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Let a1a_1 and a2a_2 be integers with a2>a1>40a_2>a_1>40 and gcd⁡(a1,a2)=1\gcd(a_1,a_2)=1. Let π2,a1,a2\pi_{2,a_1,a_2} denote the number of prime squares p2≤ga1,a2p^2\le g_{a_1,a_2} representable as p2=a1x1+a2x2p^2=a_1x_1+a_2x_2 with x1,x2∈Z≥0x_1,x_2\in\mathbb Z_{\ge 0}. Exceptional-pair conjecture. One has π2,a1,a2>0\pi_{2,a_1,a_2}>0. Moreover, only finitely many coprime pairs (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2) satisfy π2,a1,a2=0\pi_{2,a_1,a_2}=0, apart from the families (6,6g+5)(6,6g+5), (8,8g+7)(8,8g+7), (12,12g+11)(12,12g+11), and (24,24g+23)(24,24g+23) identified in the theorem preceding the conjecture. The conjecture is based on numerical experiments, and the text gives no resolution.

References

Primary source

Yuchen Ding, Weijia Wang and Hao Zhang, “The Diophantine Frobenius Problem revisited”, arXiv:2509.08599 (2025).

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