Bounded-gcd conjecture for shifted Kurepa factorial sequences

From papers

Let KnK_n and Fn\mathbb{F}_n denote the Kurepa factorial sequences, and let aa be a constant. Define

gcd(Kn+a,Kn+1+a)=gcd(Fn+a,Fn+1+a)=Fn(a).\gcd(K_n+a,K_{n+1}+a)=\gcd(\mathbb{F}_n+a,\mathbb{F}_{n+1}+a)=\mathcal{F}_n(a).

Bounded-gcd conjecture. For every Kurepa factorial sequence, Fn(a)\mathcal{F}_n(a) is bounded above by 22, with

Fn(a)={Fn(0),n>1,Fn(4),n1,\mathcal{F}_n(a)= \begin{cases} \mathcal{F}_n(0), & n>1,\\ \mathcal{F}_n(4), & n\geq 1, \end{cases}

where the values Fn(0)\mathcal{F}_n(0) and Fn(4)\mathcal{F}_n(4) are bounded above by 22; the question is to determine all values of aa for which this bound holds. The supplied source does not establish the conjecture or resolve the accompanying classification question.

Progress summary

Open

The question remains open: a 2025 paper records two special cases but neither proves the general bound nor identifies all valid shifts.

A 2025 paper formulates the bounded-gcd question for shifted Kurepa factorial sequences, asking which constants aa make successive shifted gcds bounded by 22. It does not claim a proof or a complete classification.

Known results

  • The cases a=0a=0 and a=4a=4 are stated in the paper as known to satisfy the bound by 22; the general admissible shifts remain undetermined.

2025 conjecture formulation

The paper states the shifted identity gcd(Fn+a,Fn+1+a)=Fn(a)\gcd(F_n+a,F_{n+1}+a)=\mathcal{F}_n(a) and presents boundedness by 22 as Conjecture 2, not as a theorem. No retrieved source supplies a verified proof, counterexample, or independent resolution.

Current status (as of August 2026): The cases a=0a=0 and a=4a=4 are recorded, but the general bound and classification of all valid aa remain open, with no verified progress found.

Sources
Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Francis Atta Howard, “Partition Functions and Kurepa Decomposition I: Algebraic computation and some physical Applications”, arXiv:2509.06077 (2025).

Solutions 1

Counterexample

Counterexample for the conjectured shift a=4a=4, with infinitely many failures.

Let

Kn=!n=j=0n1j!,Kn+1Kn=n!.K_n={!n}=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}j!, \qquad K_{n+1}-K_n=n!.

The source's other sequence is Fn=Kn+1F_n=K_{n+1}, so its indices are shifted by one.

Direct exact evaluation gives

K17=2232439252431413=4(mod17),K_{17}=22\,324\,392\,524\,314\equiv13=-4\pmod{17},

and

K18=378011820620314.K_{18}=378\,011\,820\,620\,314.

Therefore

gcd(K17+4,K18+4)=gcd(K17+4,17!)=34>2.\boxed{\gcd(K_{17}+4,K_{18}+4) =\gcd(K_{17}+4,17!)=34>2.}

Moreover, for every n17n\ge17,

KnK17=j=17n1j!0(mod17).K_n-K_{17}=\sum_{j=17}^{n-1}j!\equiv0\pmod{17}.

Hence 17Kn+417\mid K_n+4 for every n17n\ge17. Also KnK_n is even for every n2n\ge2. Consequently

34gcd(Kn+4,Kn+1+4)for every n17.\boxed{34\mid\gcd(K_n+4,K_{n+1}+4) \qquad\text{for every }n\ge17.}

Equivalently, with the source's FF-indexing,

34gcd(Fn+4,Fn+1+4)for every n16.34\mid\gcd(F_n+4,F_{n+1}+4) \qquad\text{for every }n\ge16.

More generally, there is a complete local criterion for an arbitrary integer shift:

gcd(Kn+a,Kn+1+a)2for every n2\gcd(K_n+a,K_{n+1}+a)\le2 \quad\text{for every }n\ge2

if and only if

a≢2(mod4)anda≢Kp(modp)for every odd prime p.a\not\equiv2\pmod4 \quad\text{and}\quad a\not\equiv-K_p\pmod p \quad\text{for every odd prime }p.

Indeed,

gcd(Kn+a,Kn+1+a)=gcd(Kn+a,n!).\gcd(K_n+a,K_{n+1}+a)=\gcd(K_n+a,n!).

For any odd prime pp and npn\ge p, factorial stabilization gives KnKp(modp)K_n\equiv K_p\pmod p; hence pp divides this gcd exactly when aKp(modp)a\equiv-K_p\pmod p. Likewise Kn2(mod4)K_n\equiv2\pmod4 for n4n\ge4, so divisibility of the gcd by 44 occurs exactly when a2(mod4)a\equiv2\pmod4. These exhaust all ways the gcd can exceed 22.

The left-factorial values and the residue K17mod17=13K_{17}\bmod17=13 are pre-existing data in OEIS A003422 and OEIS A100612, respectively. Applying that residue refutes both Conjecture 2 and the preceding shift-44 assertion in arXiv:2509.06077. The separate unshifted case a=0a=0 remains the open Kurepa conjecture and is not claimed here.

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