Kurokawa's Deep Riemann Hypothesis for automorphic Euler products

Let π\pi be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of GLn\mathrm{GL}_n over Q\mathbb Q, with associated LL-function

L(s,π)=pj=1n(1αj,pps)1.L(s,\pi)=\prod_p\prod_{j=1}^n(1-\alpha_{j,p}p^{-s})^{-1}.

Let ν(π)=m(sym2π)m(2π)\nu(\pi)=m(\operatorname{sym}^2\pi)-m(\wedge^2\pi), where m(ρ)m(\rho) is the multiplicity of the trivial representation in ρ\rho, and let m=ords=1/2L(s,π)m=\operatorname{ord}_{s=1/2}L(s,\pi). Assume that L(s,π)L(s,\pi) is entire. Kurokawa's Deep Riemann Hypothesis. The limit

limx((logx)mpxj=1n(1αj,pp1/2)1)\lim_{x\to\infty}\left((\log x)^m\prod_{p\leq x}\prod_{j=1}^n\left(1-\alpha_{j,p}p^{-1/2}\right)^{-1}\right)

exists and is nonzero, and equals

2ν(π)emγm!L(m)(12,π).\frac{\sqrt{2}^{\,\nu(\pi)}}{e^{m\gamma}m!}L^{(m)}\left(\frac12,\pi\right).

This conjecture concerns convergence of Euler products at the critical line and is used in the source as a framework for studying Chebyshev's bias for automorphic LL-functions. The source gives no resolution status for the stated generality.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Shin-ya Koyama and Arshay Sheth, “Chebyshev's bias for modular forms”, arXiv:2509.04187 (2026).

Additional references

2 papers in this index state this conjecture (2022–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2206.05445.

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