Invariance conjecture for the random refraction billiard walk

Consider the random refraction billiard walk (Rt)t0(R_t)_{t\geq0} in Rd\mathbb{R}^d, started at R0RdR_0\in\mathbb{R}^d, with direction bSd1b\in S^{d-1} and parameter p(0,1)p\in(0,1). For t[0,1]t\in[0,1], define the rescaled trajectories by

Rt(n)=1nRtn.R_t^{(n)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt n}R_{tn}.

Invariance conjecture. For every R0RdR_0\in\mathbb{R}^d, bSd1b\in S^{d-1} and p(0,1)p\in(0,1), the rescaled trajectories Rt(n)R_t^{(n)}, t[0,1]t\in[0,1], converge to isotropic Brownian motion in Rd\mathbb{R}^d. Simulations and preliminary results are said to suggest behavior similar to that of the random reflection billiard walk, but the conjecture remains unresolved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Ruben Carpenter, “Taming Irrationality: An Invariance Principle for the Random Billiard Walk”, arXiv:2508.12849 (2025).

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