Conjecture on real-space creation and annihilation operators

Let a(+)(k)a^{(+)}(k) denote real-space creation or annihilation variables, and let a(+)(k,β)a^{(+)}(k,\beta) and a~(+)(k,β)\tilde{a}^{(+)}(k,\beta) denote temperature-dependent primordial variables. Real-space operator conjecture. The real-space creation and annihilation operators can be written in the proposed temperature-dependent form; the following displayed relation is given in the surrounding text:

a(k)=cosh⁡ck a(k,β)+sinh⁡ck a~+(k,β).a(k)=\cosh c_k\,a(k,\beta)+\sinh c_k\,\tilde{a}^+(k,\beta).

Here a(k)a(k), a(k,β)a(k,\beta), a~(k,β)\tilde{a}(k,\beta) and their adjoints are assumed to satisfy the same bosonic canonical commutation relations, including [a(k),a+(l)]=δ(k−l)[a(k),a^+(l)]=\delta(k-l); a(k,β)a(k,\beta) annihilates a mode above the Fermi surface, while a~+(k,β)\tilde{a}^+(k,\beta) creates a hole of energy-momentum (−ωk,−k)(-\omega_k,-k). The claim is an approximate physical picture of collective excitations and holes in a Dirac sea, motivated by the KMS condition and modular theory. It is not proved in the paper.

References

Primary source

Manfred Requardt, “The Crossed Product, Modular (Tomita) Dynamics and its Role in the Transition of Type III to Type II_ v.Neumann Algebras and Connections to Quantum Gravity”, arXiv:2507.01419 (2025).

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