Conjecture on real-space creation and annihilation operators

Let a(+)(k)a^{(+)}(k) denote real-space creation or annihilation variables, and let a(+)(k,β)a^{(+)}(k,\beta) and a~(+)(k,β)\tilde{a}^{(+)}(k,\beta) denote temperature-dependent primordial variables. Real-space operator conjecture. The real-space creation and annihilation operators can be written in the proposed temperature-dependent form; the following displayed relation is given in the surrounding text:

a(k)=coshcka(k,β)+sinhcka~+(k,β).a(k)=\cosh c_k\,a(k,\beta)+\sinh c_k\,\tilde{a}^+(k,\beta).

Here a(k)a(k), a(k,β)a(k,\beta), a~(k,β)\tilde{a}(k,\beta) and their adjoints are assumed to satisfy the same bosonic canonical commutation relations, including [a(k),a+(l)]=δ(kl)[a(k),a^+(l)]=\delta(k-l); a(k,β)a(k,\beta) annihilates a mode above the Fermi surface, while a~+(k,β)\tilde{a}^+(k,\beta) creates a hole of energy-momentum (ωk,k)(-\omega_k,-k). The claim is an approximate physical picture of collective excitations and holes in a Dirac sea, motivated by the KMS condition and modular theory. It is not proved in the paper.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Manfred Requardt, “The Crossed Product, Modular (Tomita) Dynamics and its Role in the Transition of Type III to Type II_ v.Neumann Algebras and Connections to Quantum Gravity”, arXiv:2507.01419 (2025).

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