The multivariable random unitary pencil determinant limit conjecture

For a gg-tuple of matrices X=(X1,,Xg)\mathcal X=(X_1,\dots,X_g), define its outer spectral radius by

rad(X)=rad(j=1gXjXj)1/2,\textbf{rad}(\mathcal X)=\operatorname{rad}\left(\sum_{j=1}^g X_j\otimes\overline{X_j}\right)^{1/2},

where rad(X)\operatorname{rad}(X) is the ordinary spectral radius. Let U=(U1,,Ug)\mathcal U=(U_1,\dots,U_g) range over U(d)gU(d)^g, and let LX(U)L_{\mathcal X}(\mathcal U) denote the associated linear pencil. The multivariable determinant limit conjecture. If X\mathcal X and Y\mathcal Y are gg-tuples of square matrices of sizes k×kk\times k and k×kk'\times k', respectively, with rad(X),rad(Y)<1\textbf{rad}(\mathcal X),\textbf{rad}(\mathcal Y)<1, then

limdU(d)gdet(LX(U))det(LY(U))dU=det(IkIkj=1gXjYj)1.\lim_{d\to\infty}\int_{U(d)^g}\det(L_{\mathcal X}(\mathcal U))\overline{\det(L_{\mathcal Y}(\mathcal U))}\,d\mathcal U =\det\left(I_k\otimes I_{k'}-\sum_{j=1}^gX_j\otimes\overline{Y_j}\right)^{-1}.

The conjecture extends the one-variable determinant limit to several independent Haar-unitary variables and proposes that the outer spectral-radius ball is the correct domain of convergence. The diagonal and triangular cases provide supporting results, but the general matrix-coefficient case remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Michael T. Jury and George Roman, “Determinants of Random Unitary Pencils”, arXiv:2506.04400 (2025).

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