The absence of unbounded d-weakly convergent sequences in normed linear spaces

Let (X,)(X,\lVert\cdot\rVert) be a normed linear space, and let dd be the metric induced by \lVert\cdot\rVert. A sequence in XX is unbounded if it is not bounded with respect to this norm, and it converges dd-weakly according to the metric-functional definition: for every metric functional h\operatorname{\mathbf{h}} on XX, its limit zz satisfies

lim infnh(xn)h(z).\liminf_{n\to\infty}\operatorname{\mathbf{h}}(x_n)\geq \operatorname{\mathbf{h}}(z).

The absence conjecture. There is no normed linear space where an unbounded sequence converges dd-weakly.

The paper proves this absence for 1\ell_1, C[0,1]C[0,1], and normed linear spaces whose dual is strictly convex, while the assertion for arbitrary normed linear spaces is left unresolved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Armando W. Gutiérrez and Olavi Nevanlinna, “Metric functionals and weak convergence”, arXiv:2506.04154 (2025).

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