The absence of unbounded d-weakly convergent sequences in normed linear spaces

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Let (X,∥⋅∥)(X,\lVert\cdot\rVert) be a normed linear space, and let dd be the metric induced by ∥⋅∥\lVert\cdot\rVert. A sequence in XX is unbounded if it is not bounded with respect to this norm, and it converges dd-weakly according to the metric-functional definition: for every metric functional h⁡\operatorname{\mathbf{h}} on XX, its limit zz satisfies

lim inf⁡n→∞h⁡(xn)≥h⁡(z).\liminf_{n\to\infty}\operatorname{\mathbf{h}}(x_n)\geq \operatorname{\mathbf{h}}(z).

The absence conjecture. There is no normed linear space where an unbounded sequence converges dd-weakly.

The paper proves this absence for ℓ1\ell_1, C[0,1]C[0,1], and normed linear spaces whose dual is strictly convex, while the assertion for arbitrary normed linear spaces is left unresolved.

References

Primary source

Armando W. Gutiérrez and Olavi Nevanlinna, “Metric functionals and weak convergence”, arXiv:2506.04154 (2025).

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