Half-of-primes conjecture for primes outside a two-generated numerical semigroup

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Let aa and bb be integers with b>a≥1b>a\ge 1 and gcd⁡(a,b)=1\gcd(a,b)=1. Set S(a,b)=ab−a−bS(a,b)=ab-a-b, and let π∗(a,b)\pi^*(a,b) be the number of primes not belonging to the numerical semigroup ⟨a,b⟩\langle a,b\rangle; let π(x)\pi(x) denote the number of primes not exceeding xx. Half-of-primes conjecture. One has

π∗(a,b)≥12π(S(a,b)),\pi^*(a,b)\ge \frac 12\pi(S(a,b)),

with equality if and only if one of the following holds: (1) a=1a=1; (2) a=2a=2 and b=3b=3; (3) a=2a=2 and b=5b=5; (4) a=3a=3 and b=5b=5. The paper proves a weaker universal bound with constant 0.040.04 and notes that this constant can be improved; the displayed inequality and its equality classification remain the proposed conjecture.

References

Primary source

Yong-Gao Chen and Hui Zhu, “The number of primes not in a numerical semigroup”, arXiv:2506.03625 (2025).

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