KAMAK tree conjecture for grounded forests

Let a digraph DD have a height function be a mapping h:V(D)Zh:V(D)\rightarrow\mathbb{Z} such that h(v)=h(u)+1h(v)=h(u)+1 for every arc (u,v)A(D)(u,v)\in A(D). An oriented forest is grounded if it admits a height function constant on the set of vertices of in-degree at least 22. A digraph FF is δ+\delta^+-enforcible if there exists d(F)Nd(F)\in\mathbb{N} such that every digraph with minimum out-degree at least d(F)d(F) contains a subdigraph isomorphic to FF.

KAMAK tree conjecture. Every grounded forest is δ+\delta^+-enforcible.

Hons et al. proved the necessary condition that every δ+\delta^+-enforcible digraph is a grounded forest. The conjecture asserts sufficiency and is the main result proved in the paper, although the supplied status metadata marks it as open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Micha Christoph and Raphael Steiner, “Proof of the KAMAK tree conjecture”, arXiv:2505.21367 (2025).

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