KAMAK tree conjecture for grounded forests

Let a digraph DD have a height function be a mapping h:V(D)→Zh:V(D)\rightarrow\mathbb{Z} such that h(v)=h(u)+1h(v)=h(u)+1 for every arc (u,v)∈A(D)(u,v)\in A(D). An oriented forest is grounded if it admits a height function constant on the set of vertices of in-degree at least 22. A digraph FF is δ+\delta^+-enforcible if there exists d(F)∈Nd(F)\in\mathbb{N} such that every digraph with minimum out-degree at least d(F)d(F) contains a subdigraph isomorphic to FF.

KAMAK tree conjecture. Every grounded forest is δ+\delta^+-enforcible.

Hons et al. proved the necessary condition that every δ+\delta^+-enforcible digraph is a grounded forest. The conjecture asserts sufficiency and is the main result proved in the paper, although the supplied status metadata marks it as open.

References

Primary source

Micha Christoph and Raphael Steiner, “Proof of the KAMAK tree conjecture”, arXiv:2505.21367 (2025).

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