Critical-point count conjecture for heterogeneous quadratics with two vectors

Consider the heterogeneous quadratics minimization problem

minZTZ=Idki=1kZiTAiZi,\min_{Z^TZ = {\rm Id}_k} \sum_{i=1}^k Z_i^T A_i Z_i,

where AiSym(Rn)A_i \in {\rm Sym}(\mathbb{R}^n) and ZiZ_i is the iith column of ZZ. Critical-point count conjecture. For k=2k=2, the number of critical points is

8j=1n1j2.8 \sum_{j=1}^{n-1} j^2.

Counting the complex critical points of this optimization problem is described as a challenging open problem; the displayed formula is supported by numerical computations for small values of nn and kk.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Hannah Friedman and Serkan Hoşten, “Grassmann and Flag Varieties in Linear Algebra, Optimization, and Statistics: An Algebraic Perspective”, arXiv:2505.15969 (2025).

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