Critical-point count conjecture for heterogeneous quadratics with two vectors

Consider the heterogeneous quadratics minimization problem

min⁡ZTZ=Idk∑i=1kZiTAiZi,\min_{Z^TZ = {\rm Id}_k} \sum_{i=1}^k Z_i^T A_i Z_i,

where Ai∈Sym(Rn)A_i \in {\rm Sym}(\mathbb{R}^n) and ZiZ_i is the iith column of ZZ. Critical-point count conjecture. For k=2k=2, the number of critical points is

8∑j=1n−1j2.8 \sum_{j=1}^{n-1} j^2.

Counting the complex critical points of this optimization problem is described as a challenging open problem; the displayed formula is supported by numerical computations for small values of nn and kk.

References

Primary source

Hannah Friedman and Serkan Hoşten, “Grassmann and Flag Varieties in Linear Algebra, Optimization, and Statistics: An Algebraic Perspective”, arXiv:2505.15969 (2025).

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