The 1-2-3 Conjecture for edge sum-labellings

Let GG be a simple graph. For a positive integer kk, an edge kk-labelling is a map :E(G){1,,k}\ell:E(G)\to\{1,\dots,k\}. For each vertex uu, define its incident sum by

σ(u)=vN(u)(uv).\sigma_\ell(u)=\sum_{v\in N(u)}\ell(uv).

The labelling is sum-proper when adjacent vertices have distinct incident sums, and χSe(G)\chi^e_{\rm S}(G) is the least such kk, when it exists. The 1-2-3 Conjecture. If GG is connected and GK2G\neq K_2, then

χSe(G)3.\chi^e_{\rm S}(G)\leq 3.

The conjecture was raised by Karoński, Łuczak, and Thomason in 2004 and was recently solved by Keusch, so its database status is solved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Julien Bensmail, Beatriz Martins and Chaoliang Tang, “1-2 Conjectures for Graphs with Low Degeneracy Properties”, arXiv:2504.21452 (2025).

Progress summary

Never refreshed

Nothing recorded yet. Refresh searches the literature and the public web for attempts on this problem, and writes the first summary here.

Solutions 0

No solutions have been posted yet.