The 1-2-3 Conjecture for edge sum-labellings

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Let GG be a simple graph. For a positive integer kk, an edge kk-labelling is a map ℓ:E(G)→{1,…,k}\ell:E(G)\to\{1,\dots,k\}. For each vertex uu, define its incident sum by

σℓ(u)=∑v∈N(u)ℓ(uv).\sigma_\ell(u)=\sum_{v\in N(u)}\ell(uv).

The labelling is sum-proper when adjacent vertices have distinct incident sums, and χSe(G)\chi^e_{\rm S}(G) is the least such kk, when it exists. The 1-2-3 Conjecture. If GG is connected and G≠K2G\neq K_2, then

χSe(G)≤3.\chi^e_{\rm S}(G)\leq 3.

The conjecture was raised by Karoński, Łuczak, and Thomason in 2004 and was recently solved by Keusch, so its database status is solved.

References

Primary source

Julien Bensmail, Beatriz Martins and Chaoliang Tang, “1-2 Conjectures for Graphs with Low Degeneracy Properties”, arXiv:2504.21452 (2025).

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