Unique representatives conjecture for coadjoint orbits of maximal unipotent subgroups

Let Φ\Phi be a root system with positive roots Φ+\Phi^+ and a fixed total lexicographic order \succ on Φ+\Phi^+. For λn\lambda\in\mathfrak{n}^* and γΦ+\gamma\in\Phi^+, define

Aλ,γ:=(λ([eα,eβ]))αΦ+,αγ,βΦ+,A_{\lambda,\gamma}:=\left(\lambda([e_\alpha,e_\beta])\right)_{\alpha\in\Phi^+,\alpha\succeq\gamma,\beta\in\Phi^+}, Bλ,γ:=(λ([eα,eβ]))αΦ+,αγ,βΦ+.B_{\lambda,\gamma}:=\left(\lambda([e_\alpha,e_\beta])\right)_{\alpha\in\Phi^+,\alpha\succ\gamma,\beta\in\Phi^+}.

Let SS be the set of λn\lambda\in\mathfrak{n}^* such that every γsupp(λ)\gamma\in\operatorname{supp}(\lambda) satisfies the rank condition specified earlier in the paper.

Unique representatives conjecture. For every coadjoint orbit, there exists a unique linear form λS\lambda\in S lying on that orbit.

The preceding argument establishes this representative property for the simple group of type F4F_4 by comparing the explicitly counted forms in SS with the known number of coadjoint orbits over finite fields. The conjecture proposes that the same construction works for other root systems, giving a canonical representative in SS for every coadjoint orbit.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Matvey A. Surkov, “Classification of coadjoint orbits for the maximal unipotent subgroup in the simple group of type F_4”, arXiv:2504.19701 (2026).

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