Sharp norm conjecture for probabilistic continuous second-order Riesz transforms

Let d2d\ge 2, 1<p<1<p<\infty, and let R(jk)\mathbf{R}^{(jk)} be the probabilistic continuous second-order Riesz transforms on Rd\mathbb{R}^d. Let p=maxp,p/(p1)p^*=\max\\{p,p/(p-1)\\}, and let γ(p)\gamma(p) be Choi's sharp constant for non-symmetric martingale transforms with predictable multipliers in [0,1][0,1].

Probabilistic continuous Riesz-transform conjecture. For jkj\ne k,\

2R(jk)LpLp=p1,\\|2\mathbf{R}^{(jk)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=p^*-1,

\

R(jj)R(kk)LpLp=p1.\\|\mathbf{R}^{(jj)}-\mathbf{R}^{(kk)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=p^*-1.


For diagonal transforms,\

\\|\mathbf{R}^{(jj)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=\gamma(p).\


These would extend the sharp classical second-order Riesz-transform norm identities to the probabilistic continuous operators. The paper currently gives upper bounds differing by dimensional constants, so the conjectured sharp equalities remain open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Rodrigo Bañuelos and Daesung Kim, “Discrete analogues of second-order Riesz transforms”, arXiv:2504.18739 (2026).

Additional references

2 papers in this index state this conjecture (2013–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1304.1168.

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