Sharp norm conjecture for probabilistic continuous second-order Riesz transforms

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Let d≥2d\ge 2, 1<p<∞1<p<\infty, and let R(jk)\mathbf{R}^{(jk)} be the probabilistic continuous second-order Riesz transforms on Rd\mathbb{R}^d. Let p∗=max⁡p,p/(p−1)p^*=\max\\{p,p/(p-1)\\}, and let γ(p)\gamma(p) be Choi's sharp constant for non-symmetric martingale transforms with predictable multipliers in [0,1][0,1].

Probabilistic continuous Riesz-transform conjecture. For j≠kj\ne k,\

∣2R(jk)∣Lp→Lp=p∗−1,\\|2\mathbf{R}^{(jk)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=p^*-1,

\

∣R(jj)−R(kk)∣Lp→Lp=p∗−1.\\|\mathbf{R}^{(jj)}-\mathbf{R}^{(kk)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=p^*-1.


For diagonal transforms,\

\\|\mathbf{R}^{(jj)}\\|_{L^p\to L^p}=\gamma(p).\


These would extend the sharp classical second-order Riesz-transform norm identities to the probabilistic continuous operators. The paper currently gives upper bounds differing by dimensional constants, so the conjectured sharp equalities remain open.

References

Primary source

Rodrigo Bañuelos and Daesung Kim, “Discrete analogues of second-order Riesz transforms”, arXiv:2504.18739 (2026).

Additional references

2 papers in this index state this conjecture (2013–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:1304.1168.

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