Gao's conjecture on entire solutions of a degenerate Fermat-type differential equation

Let aa, bb, p1p_1, and p2p_2 be nonzero constants, and consider the differential equation

f2(z)+a(f(z))2=p1ebz+p2ebz.f^2(z)+a(f'(z))^2=p_1e^{bz}+p_2e^{-bz}.

Gao's conjecture. If 9ab2=49ab^2=-4, then every entire solution is either

f(z)=l1e32bz+l2e12bz,f(z)=l_1e^{\frac{-3}{2}bz}+l_2e^{\frac{1}{2}bz},

where l22=98p1l_2^2=\frac{9}{8}p_1 and l12=p228p1l_1^2=\frac{p_2^2}{8p_1}, or

f(z)=l3e32bz+l4e12bz,f(z)=l_3e^{\frac{3}{2}bz}+l_4e^{\frac{-1}{2}bz},

where l42=98p2l_4^2=\frac{9}{8}p_2 and l32=p128p2l_3^2=\frac{p_1^2}{8p_2}.

The conjecture concerns the exceptional parameter case excluded from the preceding classification theorem. It is motivated by the explicit solution f(z)=ez+e3zf(z)=e^z+e^{-3z} when a=19a=-\frac19 and b=2b=2; the source does not state whether the conjecture has been resolved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Xuxu Xiang, Jianren Long, Mengting Xia and Zhigao Qin, “On meromorphic solutions of Fermat type delay-differential equations with two exponential terms”, arXiv:2504.15907 (2025).

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