Goldbach's conjecture for prime-like distributions

About 22 years old · traced to

Let QQ be a subset of the natural numbers, and let πQ(n)\pi_Q(n) denote the number of elements of QQ less than or equal to nn. Let π(n)\pi(n) denote the number of primes less than or equal to nn. The distribution of QQ is similar to the distribution of primes if there exists c\ta∈Nc\ta\in\mathbb{N} such that

∣πQ(n)−π(n)∣<c|\pi_Q(n)-\pi(n)|<c

for every integer nn.

Generalization of Goldbach's conjecture. Let QQ be a subset of natural numbers whose distribution is similar to primes. There exists NQ∈NN_Q\in\mathbb{N} such that, for any even integer 2n>NQ2n>N_Q, there exist q1,q2∈Qq_1,q_2\in Q satisfying

q1+q2=2n.q_1+q_2=2n.

This proposes that the Goldbach representation property depends on having a prime-like counting distribution rather than on primality itself. The source gives computational evidence for particular shifted-prime constructions, but does not establish the assertion for every subset with the stated distribution property.

References

Primary source

Ameneh Farhadian, “Goldbach Conjecture: Violation Probability and Generalization to Prime-like Distributions”, arXiv:2504.14353 (2025).

Additional references

17 papers in this index state this conjecture (2004–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2502.03513, arXiv:2301.02770, arXiv:2210.02722, arXiv:2207.09452, arXiv:1912.08043, arXiv:1904.09835, arXiv:1806.00946, arXiv:1804.05561, arXiv:1711.06961, arXiv:1706.00317, arXiv:1611.07251, arXiv:1512.05024, and 4 more.

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