The normality conjecture for the limiting rational-base word

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For each k≥1k\geq 1, let ⟨sat⁡(k)⟩\langle\operatorname{sat}(k)\rangle be the associated word, and define the infinite word

⟨sat⁡(∞)⟩=lim⁡k→∞⟨sat⁡(k)⟩.\langle\operatorname{sat}(\infty)\rangle=\lim_{k\to\infty}\langle\operatorname{sat}(k)\rangle.

An infinite word over a finite alphabet is normal if every word of length ℓ\ell over that alphabet occurs with limiting frequency 1/bℓ1/b^\ell, where bb is the alphabet size. The normality conjecture. The word ⟨sat⁡(∞)⟩\langle\operatorname{sat}(\infty)\rangle is normal. This is stated as a stronger conjecture motivated by numerical evidence; its status is open.

References

Primary source

Shalom Eliahou and Jean-Louis Verger-Gaugry, “The number system in rational base 3/2 and the 3x+1 problem”, arXiv:2504.13716 (2025).

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