Kalinin's polynomial congruence conjecture for Gaussian integers

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Let p>3p>3 be a prime, and define

gp(x):=∏1⩽m,n⩽p−1p∤m2+n2(x−(m+ni)).g_p(x):=\prod_{1\leqslant m,n\leqslant p-1\atop p\nmid m^2+n^2}(x-(m+ni)).

Kalinin's conjecture. If p≡1(mod4)p\equiv1\pmod 4, then

gp(x)≡1+∑k=1p−3ckxk(p−1)(modp)g_p(x)\equiv 1+\sum_{k=1}^{p-3}c_kx^{k(p-1)}\pmod p

for some c1,…,cp−3∈Zc_1,\ldots,c_{p-3}\in\mathbb Z with cp−3=1c_{p-3}=1. If p≡3(mod4)p\equiv3\pmod 4, then

gp(x)≡1+x2(p−1)+x4(p−1)+⋯+x(p−1)2=1−xp2−11−x2(p−1)(modp).g_p(x)\equiv 1+x^{2(p-1)}+x^{4(p-1)}+\dots+x^{(p-1)^2}=\frac{1-x^{p^2-1}}{1-x^{2(p-1)}}\pmod p.

The conjecture extends Wolstenholme-type congruences from the integers to Gaussian integers. The paper presents it as a conjecture of N. Kalinin; the supplied text does not establish whether it has since been resolved.

References

Primary source

Bo Jiang and Zhi-Wei Sun, “On p-adic congruences involving d”, arXiv:2504.12242 (2025).

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