Lucas congruence for Gaussian binomial coefficients

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For integers A≥C≥1A\geq C\geq 1 and B≥D≥1B\geq D\geq 1, define the Gaussian binomial coefficient by

[A+BiC+Di]:=∏0≤n≤C−1,0≤m≤D−1(A+Bi−(n+mi))∏1≤n≤C,1≤m≤D(n+mi).\left[\substack{A+Bi\\ C+Di}\right]:=\frac{\prod\limits_{\substack{0\leq n\leq C-1,\\0\leq m\leq D-1}}(A+Bi-(n+mi))}{\prod\limits_{\substack{1\leq n\leq C,\\1\leq m\leq D}}(n+mi)}.

Lucas congruence for Gaussian binomial coefficients. For positive integers A,B,C,DA,B,C,D for which these coefficients are defined,

[ ⁣pA+pBi\pC+pDi ⁣]≡[ ⁣A+Bi\C+Di ⁣](modp3).\left[\!\substack{pA+pBi\pC+pDi}\!\right]\equiv\left[\!\substack{A+Bi\C+Di}\!\right]\pmod {p^3}.

This is proposed as a possible analogue of Lucas' theorem. The source notes that these coefficients are not generally Gaussian integers and that little is known about their properties, so the congruence remains open.

References

Primary source

Nikita Kalinin, “Wolstenholme's theorem over Gaussian integers”, arXiv:2504.07978 (2025).

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