Conjecture on stochastic invasion of type 2

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Let (n1a,n1i,n3)(n_{1a}^*,n_{1i}^*,n_3^*) be an asymptotically stable equilibrium of the three-dimensional virus system, and let (n~2a,n~2d,n~2i,n~3)(\widetilde n_{2a},\widetilde n_{2d},\widetilde n_{2i},\widetilde n_3) be an asymptotically stable equilibrium of the four-dimensional virus system. For an equilibrium n^\widehat{\mathbf n} and δ>0\delta>0, let Tn^,δT_{\widehat{\mathbf n},\delta} be the first time the individual-based process enters its δ\delta-neighbourhood, and let TfixT^{\mathrm{fix}} additionally require extinction of the losing host type. Type 2 invasion conjecture. For all sufficiently small δ>0\delta>0, if type 2 invades type 1 but type 1 does not invade type 2, then, starting from the type-1 equilibrium, fixation at the type-2 equilibrium before type-2 extinction or coexistence has limiting probability 1s2a1-s_{2a}, and conditional on reaching the type-2 neighbourhood, the fixation time divided by logK\log K converges in probability to 1/λ~+1/λ1/\widetilde\lambda+1/\lambda^*. If both invasion directions are possible, reaching the coexistence neighbourhood before type-2 extinction or fixation at the type-2 equilibrium has limiting probability 1s2a1-s_{2a}, and the corresponding time divided by logK\log K converges in probability to 1/λ~1/\widetilde\lambda. If additionally tilden2a<nˉ2atilde n_{2a}<\bar n_{2a} and type 2 invades type 1, the displayed conclusions concerning s2as_{2a} and tildeλtilde\lambda also hold. These statements are stochastic counterparts of the deterministic invasion picture; their validity remains conjectural.

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Primary source

Jochen Blath and András Tóbiás, “Emergence of microbial host dormancy during a persistent virus epidemic”, arXiv:2504.04943 (2025).

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