The internal stabilization conjecture for exotically knotted surfaces

Let B4B^{4} be the smooth 44-ball. For an exotically knotted pair of closed surfaces (Σ1,Σ2)(\Sigma_{1},\Sigma_{2}) in B4B^{4}, let d(Σ1,Σ2)d(\Sigma_{1},\Sigma_{2}) denote the least nonnegative integer kk such that Σ1#kT2\Sigma_{1}\#^{k}T^{2} and Σ2#kT2\Sigma_{2}\#^{k}T^{2} are smoothly isotopic, where T2T^{2} is an unknotted torus and #kT2\#^{k}T^{2} denotes kk internal stabilizations. Internal stabilization conjecture. If (Σ1,Σ2)(\Sigma_{1},\Sigma_{2}) is an exotically knotted pair of closed surfaces in B4B^{4}, then

d(Σ1,Σ2)=1.d(\Sigma_{1},\Sigma_{2})=1.

Many families of exotically knotted surfaces are known to have stabilization distance one, but whether every such pair becomes smoothly isotopic after exactly one internal stabilization remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Ian A. Sullivan, “Bar-Natan skein lasagna modules and exotic surfaces in 4-manifolds”, arXiv:2504.03968 (2025).

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