The mock-modularity conjecture for BPS invariants of type II limits

Consider a type IIb_{b} limit associated with a Tyurin degeneration of the form V0=V1ZV2V_0=V_1\cup_Z V_2 and a special Lagrangian 3-cycle Γ0\Gamma_0 dual to an element of H3(V,Z)Gr2(Δ)H^3(V,\mathbb{Z})\cap\operatorname{Gr}_2(\Delta). Let C0=ιΓ0ΛtransC_0=\partial_*\iota_*\Gamma_0\in\Lambda_{\rm trans} denote the curve on ZZ over which the asymptotic form of Γ0\Gamma_0 is fibered near the Tyurin degeneration. BPS mock-modularity conjecture. There exists a meromorphic mock-modular form, generally with respect to a subgroup GSL(2,Z)G\subseteq SL(2,\mathbb{Z}), of the form

θ(q)=nIc(n)qn,\theta(q)=\sum_{n\in\mathcal I}c(n)q^n,

where I\mathcal I is a suitable subset of Q\mathbb Q, whose coefficients count the four-dimensional N=2\mathcal N=2 BPS invariants associated with Γ0\Gamma_0 through

ΩBPS(Γ0)=c(12C0ZC0).\Omega_{\rm BPS}(\Gamma_0)=c\left(\frac{1}{2}C_0\mathbin{\cdot_Z}C_0\right).

If Gr3=\operatorname{Gr}_3=\emptyset, then θ(q)\theta(q) is modular. The conjecture relates BPS state counting to modular or mock-modular forms; its general status is not specified in the source.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Bjoern Hassfeld, Jeroen Monnee, Timo Weigand and Max Wiesner, “Emergent Strings in Type IIB Calabi–Yau Compactifications”, arXiv:2504.01066 (2026).

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