The Duffin–Schaeffer-type conjecture for multiple zeta-star values

Let f ⁣:N[1,+)f\colon \mathbb{N}\rightarrow [1,+\infty), and let BfB_f be the set of real numbers α[1,+)\alpha\in [1,+\infty) such that

αζ(k1,,kr)<12k1++kr+f(r)\left|\alpha-\zeta^\star(k_1,\ldots,k_r)\right|<\frac{1}{2^{k_1+\cdots+k_r+f(r)}}

for infinitely many r,k1,,krr,k_1,\ldots,k_r with r+r\rightarrow +\infty. The Duffin–Schaeffer-type conjecture. If

r112f(r)\sum_{r\geq 1}\frac{1}{2^{f(r)}}

is divergent, then

m((1,+)Bf)=0.m\bigl((1,+\infty)-B_f\bigr)=0.

This conjecture is the divergent-series counterpart to the preceding zero-one-law result, which proves measure zero when the series converges. It asks whether almost every real number in (1,+)(1,+\infty) admits infinitely many approximations by multiple zeta-star values at the stated scale.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jiangtao Li, “Diophantine approximation of multiple zeta-star values”, arXiv:2503.23286 (2025).

Additional references

12 papers in this index state this conjecture (2009–2025). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2306.15535, arXiv:2210.17064, arXiv:1711.08288, arXiv:1708.02874, arXiv:1704.04691, arXiv:1609.04588, arXiv:1508.04406, arXiv:1401.0035, arXiv:1201.1210, arXiv:1201.4694, arXiv:0907.0141.

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