Two-cut conjecture for even binary words

Let c(W)c(W) be the minimum integer cc such that W=B1Bc+1W=B_1\cdots B_{c+1} can be partitioned into consecutive blocks and, for some permutation π\pi of [c+1][c+1], the rearranged word Bπ(1)Bπ(c+1)B_{\pi(1)}\cdots B_{\pi(c+1)} is a shuffle square. A word is even if each letter occurs an even number of times.

Two-cut conjecture. Every even binary word WW satisfies

c(W)2.c(W)\leqslant 2.

The paper notes that even a bound by an unspecified absolute constant is not known. The analogous claim for ternary words is false, since the paper gives an example with c(W)=3c(W)=3.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jarosław Grytczuk, Bartłomiej Pawlik and Andrzej Ruciński, “Shuffle squares and ordered nest-free graphs”, arXiv:2503.22043 (2025).

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