Eswarathasan–Levine conjecture on infinitely many harmonic primes

From papers

Let Hn=1+12++1nH_n=1+\frac12+\cdots+\frac1n be the nnth harmonic number. For a prime pp, define

Jp:={n1:νp(Hn)1},J_p:=\{n\geq 1:\nu_p(H_n)\geq 1\},

where νp\nu_p is the pp-adic valuation. For every p5p\geq 5, the set JpJ_p contains p1p-1, p2pp^2-p, and p21p^2-1. A harmonic prime is a prime pp such that Jp=3|J_p|=3.

Eswarathasan–Levine conjecture. There are infinitely many harmonic primes.

The conjecture was suggested by Eswarathasan and Levine. Boyd's probabilistic model gives the quantitative refinement that harmonic primes should have density e1e^{-1} among all primes; neither this refinement nor the infinitude assertion is established in the source.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Leonardo Carofiglio, Giacomo Cherubini and Alessandro Gambini, “On Eswarathasan–Levine and Boyd's conjectures for harmonic numbers”, arXiv:2503.15714 (2025).

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