Montgomery's simplicity conjecture for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function

From papers

Let N(T)N^*(T) be the multiplicity-weighted zero count

N(T):=ρ0<γTmρ=ρ distinct0<γTmρ2,N^*(T):=\sum_{\substack{\rho\\0<\gamma\leq T}}m_\rho=\sum_{\substack{\rho\ \text{distinct}\\0<\gamma\leq T}}m_\rho^2,

where mρm_\rho is the multiplicity of the zero ρ\rho. Montgomery's simplicity conjecture. As TT\to\infty,

N(T)=TL+o(TL).N^*(T)=TL+o(TL).

Since N(T)TLN(T)\sim TL, the assertion predicts that asymptotically all non-trivial zeros are simple. It is presented as a consequence of a stronger pair-correlation conjecture together with the Riemann Hypothesis, but remains unproved.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Daniel Alan Goldston, Junghun Lee, Jordan Schettler and Ade Irma Suriajaya, “Pair Correlation Conjecture for the Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-function I: Simple and Critical Zeros”, arXiv:2503.15449 (2026).

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