Baragar's conjecture on connectivity of Markoff graphs

Let pp be a prime, and let Gp\mathcal{G}_p be the Markoff graph over Fp\mathbb{F}_p: its vertices are the nonzero triples in Fp3\mathbb{F}_p^3 satisfying

x12+x22+x32=3x1x2x3,x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2=3x_1x_2x_3,

and two vertices are joined when one is obtained from the other by a Vieta involution. Baragar's conjecture. The graph Gp\mathcal{G}_p is connected for any prime pp. This is equivalent to the assertion that every solution modulo pp of the Markoff equation lifts to an integral Markoff triple. Chen's theorem, together with work of Bourgain, Gamburd, and Sarnak, proves the conjecture for all but finitely many primes; the statement for every prime is the conjectural form.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Daniel E. Martin, “A new proof of Chen's theorem for Markoff graphs”, arXiv:2502.15960 (2025).

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