Classification of two-qudit Clifford hierarchy gates

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Let dd be the qudit dimension, and consider the Clifford hierarchy gates of two qudits. Let HiH_i denote the Hadamard gate on the iith qudit, let EiE_i and SiS_i denote the qudit and qubit phase gates, respectively, and let CZCZ denote the controlled-Z gate. Let DD and CC be the gates appearing in the one-qudit semi-Clifford normal form. Define

D1=(E1)a,D_1=(E_1)^a,

and

D2=(CZ)b(E2)c,D_2=(CZ)^b(E_2)^c,

for a,b,cda,b,c d. In the qubit case, replace E1,E2E_1,E_2 by S1,S2S_1,S_2 and take a,b,cda,b,c d.

Classification of two-qudit Clifford hierarchy gates. Every hierarchy gate of two qudits is either a Clifford gate or can be uniquely expressed as

M1M2DC,M_1M_2DC,

where M1M_1 is H1H_1 or H1D1H1∗H_1D_1H_1^*, and M2M_2 is H2H_2 or H1H2D2H2∗H1∗H_1H_2D_2H_2^*H_1^*.

The statement is presented as a proposed direction for future work extending the one-qudit classification, so its resolution is not established in the supplied text.

References

Primary source

Nadish de Silva and Oscar Lautsch, “The Clifford hierarchy for one qubit or qudit”, arXiv:2501.07939 (2025).

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