Asymptotic bounds from Models 1, 2, and 2* for the prime-counting function

Let π1(n){\pi}^1(n) denote the estimate for the prime-counting function π(n)\pi(n) derived from Model 1, let π2(n){\pi}^2(n) denote the estimate derived from Model 2, and let π(n){\pi}^{*}(n) denote the estimate derived from Model 2*.

Model bounds conjecture. As nn\to\infty, the estimates satisfy

π2(n)π(n)π(n)π1(n).{\pi}^2(n)\leq\pi(n)\leq{\pi}^{*}(n)\leq{\pi}^1(n).

These bounds are suggested by inspection of the limited data in Table 4 and by the preceding analysis of the models' underestimates and overestimates. Their validity as nn increases remains unproved; the paper also notes that missing contributions from partitions and factorizations of lengths greater than three may reduce the accuracy of Models 2 and 2*.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Aidan Botkin, Madeline L. Dawsey, David J. Hemmer, Matthew R. Just and Robert Schneider, “Partition-theoretic model of prime distribution”, arXiv:2501.00580 (2025).

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