The shuffle-of-areas closure conjecture

Let rcl\operatorname{rcl} be the right-closure operator and let rot\operatorname{rot} be the rotation operator on words. For letters i1,,i2ki_1,\dots,i_{2k}, define the area factors

i2r1i2ri2ri2r1,r=1,,k.\mathtt{i}_{2r-1}\mathtt{i}_{2r}-\mathtt{i}_{2r}\mathtt{i}_{2r-1},\qquad r=1,\dots,k.

Shuffle-of-areas closure conjecture. If all iji_j are distinct, then

(i1i2i2i1)\shuffle\shuffle(i2k1i2ki2ki2k1)(\mathtt{i}_1\mathtt{i}_2-\mathtt{i}_2\mathtt{i}_1)\shuffle\cdots\shuffle(\mathtt{i}_{2k-1}\mathtt{i}_{2k}-\mathtt{i}_{2k}\mathtt{i}_{2k-1})

is not in im(rclrot)\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}), whereas it is contained in that image when the letters are not all distinct. Furthermore, for every uim(rclrot)u\in\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}),

(ijji)\shuffleuim(rclrot).(\mathtt{ij}-\mathtt{ji})\shuffle u\in\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}).

The claim refines the preceding computations on shuffles of area elements and describes when such shuffles yield letter-reduced conjugation invariants. The source gives examples showing both inclusion and non-inclusion, but the general assertion remains conjectural.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Joscha Diehl, Rosa Preiß and Jeremy Reizenstein, “Conjugation, loop and closure invariants of the iterated-integrals signature”, arXiv:2412.19670 (2024).

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