The shuffle-of-areas closure conjecture

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Let rcl⁡\operatorname{rcl} be the right-closure operator and let rot⁡\operatorname{rot} be the rotation operator on words. For letters i1,…,i2ki_1,\dots,i_{2k}, define the area factors

i2r−1i2r−i2ri2r−1,r=1,…,k.\mathtt{i}_{2r-1}\mathtt{i}_{2r}-\mathtt{i}_{2r}\mathtt{i}_{2r-1},\qquad r=1,\dots,k.

Shuffle-of-areas closure conjecture. If all iji_j are distinct, then

(i1i2−i2i1)\shuffle⋯\shuffle(i2k−1i2k−i2ki2k−1)(\mathtt{i}_1\mathtt{i}_2-\mathtt{i}_2\mathtt{i}_1)\shuffle\cdots\shuffle(\mathtt{i}_{2k-1}\mathtt{i}_{2k}-\mathtt{i}_{2k}\mathtt{i}_{2k-1})

is not in im⁡(rcl⁡∘rot⁡)\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}), whereas it is contained in that image when the letters are not all distinct. Furthermore, for every u∈im⁡(rcl⁡∘rot⁡)u\in\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}),

(ij−ji)\shuffleu∈im⁡(rcl⁡∘rot⁡).(\mathtt{ij}-\mathtt{ji})\shuffle u\in\operatorname{im}(\operatorname{rcl}\circ\operatorname{rot}).

The claim refines the preceding computations on shuffles of area elements and describes when such shuffles yield letter-reduced conjugation invariants. The source gives examples showing both inclusion and non-inclusion, but the general assertion remains conjectural.

References

Primary source

Joscha Diehl, Rosa Preiß and Jeremy Reizenstein, “Conjugation, loop and closure invariants of the iterated-integrals signature”, arXiv:2412.19670 (2024).

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