Common-eigenvalue conjecture for periodic tridiagonal matrices

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Let NN be a positive integer and let T−T^- and T+T^+ be the (N−1)×(N−1)(N-1)\times(N-1) tridiagonal matrices with

Tjj−=2acos⁡(2jπ/N),Tjj+=2acos⁡[2(j−1)π/N]T^-_{jj}=2a\cos(2j\pi/N),\qquad T^+_{jj}=2a\cos[2(j-1)\pi/N]

for j=1,…,N−1j=1,\ldots,N-1, and Tj,j+1±=Tj+1,j±=1T^\pm_{j,j+1}=T^\pm_{j+1,j}=1. Assume a>0a>0. Common-eigenvalue conjecture. The matrices T−T^- and T+T^+ have a common eigenvalue if and only if NN is divisible by 44; in that case, their common eigenvalue is 00. This conjecture characterizes precisely when the associated discriminant equation has a double root, and would establish the asserted spectral pattern for these periodic recurrence coefficients.

References

Primary source

Dan Dai, Mourad E. H. Ismail and Xiang-Sheng Wang, “Orthogonal polynomials with periodic recurrence coefficients”, arXiv:2412.08166 (2025).

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