Unbounded hardness conjecture for unknot diagrams

Let mm be an integer and let D^\hat{\mathcal{D}} be the 00-crossing diagram of the unknot. A diagram of the unknot D\mathcal{D} has nn crossings if cr(D)=n\operatorname{cr}(\mathcal{D})=n. Unbounded hardness conjecture. For every integer mm, there exists a diagram of the unknot D\mathcal{D} with nn crossings such that every sequence of Reidemeister moves from D\mathcal{D} to D^\hat{\mathcal{D}} passes through a diagram with at least n+mn+m crossings. Equivalently, the number of extra crossings required to untangle unknot diagrams is unbounded. The conjecture is folklore; the context notes that the hardest previously known examples had only been verified to require at least three extra crossings.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Corentin Lunel, Arnaud de Mesmay and Jonathan Spreer, “Hard diagrams of split links”, arXiv:2412.03372 (2026).

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