Equidistribution conjecture for Ulam words modulo integers

Let Un\mathscr{U}_n be the set of Ulam words of length nn, and let π\pi interpret a binary word as an integer. For an integer N>1N>1 and a residue class aZ/NZa\in\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}, define the relative density

ρa,N(n):=#{wUnπ(w)=a(modN)}#Un.\rho_{a,N}(n):=\frac{\#\{w\in\mathscr{U}_n\mid \pi(w)=a\pmod N\}}{\#\mathscr{U}_n}.

Equidistribution conjecture. For every integer N>1N>1 and every aZ/NZa\in\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z},

limnρa,N(n)=1N.\lim_{n\to\infty}\rho_{a,N}(n)=\frac1N.

The claim predicts uniform distribution of Ulam words among residue classes modulo every integer. The source presents it as a conjecture motivated by numerical evidence; no proof or disproof is given.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Paul Adutwum, Hopper Clark, Ro Emerson, Alexandra, Sheydvasser, Arseniy, Sheydvasser and Axelle Tougouma, “Distributions of Ulam Words up to Length 30”, arXiv:2410.01217 (2025).

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