Mori's congruence conjecture for the caliber of real quadratic fields

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For prime numbers pp and qq with p<qp<q and p≡q≡1(mod4)p\equiv q\equiv 1\pmod 4, let xp,yp,xq,yqx_p,y_p,x_q,y_q be the unique positive integers satisfying

p=xp2+yp2,q=xq2+yq2,p=x_p^2+y_p^2,\qquad q=x_q^2+y_q^2,

with 0<xp<yp0<x_p<y_p and 0<xq<yq0<x_q<y_q. Write κ+(pq)\kappa^+(pq) for the positive caliber of the real quadratic field associated with pqpq, and let (qp)\left(\frac{q}{p}\right) denote the Legendre symbol. Mori's congruence conjecture. If xp≢xq(mod2)x_p\not\equiv x_q\pmod 2, then

κ+(pq)≡1−(−1)xp(qp)(mod4).\kappa^+(pq)\equiv 1-(-1)^{x_p}\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)\pmod 4.

This conjecture gives a mod-44 formula for the positive caliber in terms of the representations of the primes as sums of two squares and a quadratic-residue symbol. It is attributed in the source to Mori; its resolution is not specified in the supplied material.

References

Primary source

Naoto Fujisawa, “Some congruences of calibers of real quadratic fields”, arXiv:2403.09202 (2024).

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