Ordering conjecture for multiplying bifurcations of the symmetric periodic orbit

Let Γ\Gamma^{*} be the single-loop RR^{*}-symmetric periodic orbit in the zero-energy level, with nontrivial Floquet multipliers ξ±\xi_{\pm}, and let β2\beta_2 denote the system parameter. Write Bk\mathbf{{B}_{k}} for the period-kk multiplying bifurcations and B^k\mathbf{{\widehat{B}}_{k}} for the symmetry-breaking period-kk multiplying bifurcations. The symbols R1R_{1} and R2R_{2} denote the relevant symmetries of the bifurcating orbits; T3\mathbf{{T}_{3}}, SN\mathbf{SN} and HH\mathbf{HH} denote, respectively, the transcritical-type triple-loop bifurcation, the saddle-node point and the Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcation.

Ordering conjecture.

  1. The period-kk multiplying bifurcations Bk\mathbf{{B}_{k}} occur at the values of β2\beta_2 where
ξ±=e±2πk2k\xi_{\pm}=e^{\pm 2\pi\frac{k-2}{k}}

for all odd k1k\geq1.

  1. The symmetry-breaking period-kk multiplying bifurcations B^k\mathbf{{\widehat{B}}_{k}} occur at the values of β2\beta_2 where
ξ±=e±2πk1k\xi_{\pm}=e^{\pm 2\pi\frac{k-1}{k}}

for all odd k1k\geq1.

  1. The corresponding bifurcating RR^{*}-symmetric, R1R_{1}-symmetric and R2R_{2}-symmetric kk-loop orbits exist below and up the respective β2\beta_2-value, except for the transcritical-type case B3=T3\mathbf{{B}_{3}}=\mathbf{{T}_{3}}, where the triple-loop orbits exist up to SN\mathbf{SN} at β20.649089\beta_2\approx0.649089.

  2. Since k2k\frac{k-2}{k} and k1k\frac{k-1}{k} tend to 11 as kk\to\infty, both sequences Bk\mathbf{{B}_{k}} and B^k\mathbf{{\widehat{B}}_{k}} approach HH\mathbf{HH} and hence the associated value β20.8164\beta_2\approx0.8164.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Ravindra Bandara, Andrus Giraldo, Neil G. R. Broderick and Bernd Krauskopf, “Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits in the Generalised Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation”, arXiv:2312.07094 (2023).

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