Characterization of the period and preperiod for three-element subtraction sets

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Let A={a,b,c}A=\{a,b,c\} with 1<a<b<c1<a<b<c. Define integers by the division algorithm:

b=qa+r,b=qa+r, c=qc(a+b)+rc,rc=qa(2a)+ra,c=q_c(a+b)+r_c,\qquad r_c=q_a(2a)+r_a, c−a=qc′(a+b)+rc′,rc′=qa′(2a)+ra′.c-a=q_c'(a+b)+r_c',\qquad r_c'=q_a'(2a)+r_a'.

Here Per⁡(A)\operatorname{Per}(A) and PrePer⁡(A)\operatorname{PrePer}(A) denote the eventual period and preperiod. Three-element period–preperiod conjecture. One has Per⁡(A)=b+c\operatorname{Per}(A)=b+c and PrePer⁡(A)=0\operatorname{PrePer}(A)=0 if and only if at least one of the following holds:

  1. qq is even, rc′>0r_c'>0, ra′≤rr_a'\leq r, and 2qa′≤q2q_a'\leq q; if 2qa′=q2q_a'=q, then ra′≤2r−ar_a'\leq 2r-a.
  2. qq is odd, r≠0r\neq 0, r≤ra≤ar\leq r_a\leq a; if qa=0q_a=0, then ra<ar_a<a.
  3. qq is odd, r=0r=0, and ra≠ar_a\neq a.

The criterion is based on computer simulations for three-element sets up to a bounded range and is intended as a limited characterization of the complex general {a,b,c}\{a,b,c\} case; its status remains conjectural.

References

Primary source

István Miklós and Logan Post, “Superpolynomial period lengths of the winning positions in the subtraction game”, arXiv:2312.02426 (2023).

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