The zero forcing lower bound for Cartesian products

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Let GG and G′G' be graphs, each containing an edge. The Cartesian-product zero forcing conjecture.

Z⁡(G□G′)≥Z⁡(G)Z⁡(G′)+1.\operatorname{Z}(G\Box G')\geq \operatorname{Z}(G)\operatorname{Z}(G')+1.

The conjecture would extend the sharp lower bound known when the maximum nullity equals the zero forcing number for both factors to arbitrary graphs containing an edge. Together with the standard upper bound for Cartesian products, it would give a general Vizing-like constraint on the zero forcing number.

References

Primary source

Thomas R. Cameron, Leslie Hogben, Franklin H. J. Kenter, Seyed Ahmad Mojallal and Houston Schuerger, “Forts, (fractional) zero forcing, and Cartesian products of graphs”, arXiv:2310.17904 (2026).

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