Asymptotic normality conjecture for sample PLS

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Let βls\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls} and βpls,m\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m} denote the population least-squares and population PLS parameters, respectively. Let βls\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls} and βpls,m\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m} be estimated by the sample least-squares estimator β^ls\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{ls} and sample PLS estimator β^pls,m\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{pls,m}, both computed from the observed data (X,y)(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{y}). Under Assumptions~ and, suppose that

n(β^ls−βls)→dN(0p,σy2Σx+)\sqrt{n}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{ls}-\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls}) \xrightarrow{d}\mathcal{N}(\mathbf{0}_{p},\sigma_{y}^2\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}}^+)

for n→∞n\to\infty. Let Km(Σx,Σx,y)\mathcal{K}_{m}(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}},\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x},y}) be the population Krylov space and let Km∈Rp×m\mathbf{K}_{m}\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times m} be any orthonormal basis of it. Define

(Σx)m+=Km(Km⊤ΣxKm)−1Km⊤.(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}})_{m}^+=\mathbf{K}_{m}(\mathbf{K}_{m}^{\top}\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}}\mathbf{K}_{m})^{-1}\mathbf{K}_{m}^{\top}.

Sample PLS asymptotic normality conjecture. The sample PLS is asymptotically normal with

n(β^pls,m−βpls,m)→n→∞dN(0p,σy2(Σx)m+).\sqrt{n}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{pls,m}-\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m}) \xrightarrow[n\to\infty]{d}\mathcal{N}(\mathbf{0}_{p},\sigma_{y}^2(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}})_{m}^+).

This conjecture would extend asymptotic normality from the sample least-squares estimator to sample PLS in the ill-posed linear-regression framework. The supplied text gives no resolution or supporting result beyond stating it as an open conjecture.

References

Primary source

Gianluca Finocchio and Tatyana Krivobokova, “An extended latent factor framework for ill-posed linear regression”, arXiv:2307.08377 (2025).

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