Asymptotic normality conjecture for sample PLS

Let βls\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls} and βpls,m\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m} denote the population least-squares and population PLS parameters, respectively. Let βls\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls} and βpls,m\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m} be estimated by the sample least-squares estimator β^ls\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{ls} and sample PLS estimator β^pls,m\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{pls,m}, both computed from the observed data (X,y)(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{y}). Under Assumptions~ and, suppose that

n(β^lsβls)dN(0p,σy2Σx+)\sqrt{n}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{ls}-\boldsymbol{\beta}_{ls}) \xrightarrow{d}\mathcal{N}(\mathbf{0}_{p},\sigma_{y}^2\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}}^+)

for nn\to\infty. Let Km(Σx,Σx,y)\mathcal{K}_{m}(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}},\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x},y}) be the population Krylov space and let KmRp×m\mathbf{K}_{m}\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times m} be any orthonormal basis of it. Define

(Σx)m+=Km(KmΣxKm)1Km.(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}})_{m}^+=\mathbf{K}_{m}(\mathbf{K}_{m}^{\top}\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}}\mathbf{K}_{m})^{-1}\mathbf{K}_{m}^{\top}.

Sample PLS asymptotic normality conjecture. The sample PLS is asymptotically normal with

n(β^pls,mβpls,m)ndN(0p,σy2(Σx)m+).\sqrt{n}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{pls,m}-\boldsymbol{\beta}_{pls,m}) \xrightarrow[n\to\infty]{d}\mathcal{N}(\mathbf{0}_{p},\sigma_{y}^2(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}_{\mathbf{x}})_{m}^+).

This conjecture would extend asymptotic normality from the sample least-squares estimator to sample PLS in the ill-posed linear-regression framework. The supplied text gives no resolution or supporting result beyond stating it as an open conjecture.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Gianluca Finocchio and Tatyana Krivobokova, “An extended latent factor framework for ill-posed linear regression”, arXiv:2307.08377 (2025).

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