The Deep Riemann Hypothesis for normalized partial Euler products

Let KK be a global field. For all but finitely many primes p\mathfrak p of KK, let M(p)GLrp(C)M(\mathfrak p)\in\operatorname{GL}_{r_{\mathfrak p}}(\mathbb C) be a unitary matrix, and set M(p)=0M(\mathfrak p)=0 at the remaining primes. Write qp=#Fpq_{\mathfrak p}=\#\mathbb F_{\mathfrak p}, define

L(s,M)=pdet(1M(p)qps)1,L(s,M)=\prod_{\mathfrak p}\det\left(1-M(\mathfrak p)q_{\mathfrak p}^{-s}\right)^{-1},

and assume that L(s,M)L(s,M) extends to an entire function and satisfies a functional equation relating ss and 1s1-s. Put m=ords=1/2L(s,M)m=\operatorname{ord}_{s=1/2}L(s,M) and δ(M)=ords=1L(s,M2)\delta(M)=-\operatorname{ord}_{s=1}L(s,M^2). The Deep Riemann Hypothesis. The limit

limx((logx)mqpxdet(1M(p)qp12)1)\lim_{x\to\infty}\left((\log x)^m\prod_{q_{\mathfrak p}\leq x}\det\left(1-M(\mathfrak p)q_{\mathfrak p}^{-\frac12}\right)^{-1}\right)

exists and is non-zero; moreover, it converges to

2δ(M)emγm!L(m)(s,M)s=12,\left.\frac{\sqrt{2}^{\delta(M)}}{e^{m\gamma}m!}L^{(m)}(s,M)\right|_{s=\frac12},

where γ\gamma is the Euler constant and L(m)(s,M)L^{(m)}(s,M) denotes the derivative of order mm. The paper presents these as DRH (A), concerning existence and non-vanishing, and DRH (B), specifying the value. The hypothesis is used to relate prime-number-race asymptotics to convergence of partial Euler products, but its general validity remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Yoshiaki Okumura, “Chebyshev's bias for Fermat curves of prime degree”, arXiv:2307.05958 (2024).

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