Geometric sign conjecture for the phase-two extrapolation parameters

From papers

Assume fobreak belongs to Cν1,1(Rn)f obreak\text{ belongs to } C^{1,1}_\nu(\mathbb{R}^n). Let f^\hat{f} be the linear function that interpolates ff at any set of n+1n+1 affinely independent vectors Θ={x1,,xn+1}Rn\Theta=\{\mathbf{x}_1,\dots,\mathbf{x}_{n+1}\}\subset\mathbb{R}^n. Let x\mathbf{x} be any vector in Rn\mathbb{R}^n, and let {μij}iI+, jI\{\mu_{ij}\}_{i\in\mathcal{I}_+,\ j\in\mathcal{I}_-} be the parameters defined in Theorem 2.3 of the source paper. Geometric sign conjecture. If the simplex conv(Θ)\operatorname{conv}(\Theta) has no obtuse angle at any vertex, meaning

(xjxi)(xkxi)0for all i,j,k=1,2,,n+1,(\mathbf{x}_j-\mathbf{x}_i)\cdot(\mathbf{x}_k-\mathbf{x}_i)\geq 0\quad\text{for all }i,j,k=1,2,\dots,n+1,

then all parameters {μij}\{\mu_{ij}\} are non-negative for every xRn\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^n. If the simplex has at least one obtuse angle at its vertices, then there is a non-empty subset of Rn\mathbb{R}^n such that, whenever x\mathbf{x} belongs to that subset, at least one element of {μij}\{\mu_{ij}\} is negative. A general formula for the sharp bound on the function approximation error of linear interpolation and extrapolation remains open; the conjecture is motivated by numerical experiments and complements the proved sufficient condition that all μij\mu_{ij} are non-negative.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Liyuan Cao, Zaiwen Wen and Ya-xiang Yuan, “The Error in Multivariate Linear Extrapolation with Applications to Derivative-Free Optimization”, arXiv:2307.00358 (2026).

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