Bétermin's conjecture on phase transitions for one-well potentials

From papers

Let LL be a two-dimensional lattice of area AA, and let Ef(L)E_f(L) denote its lattice energy for a potential ff. A potential is completely monotone if it satisfies (1)jf(j)(x)>0(-1)^j f^{(j)}(x)>0 for all j=0,1,2,j=0,1,2,\ldots, and it is one-well if there exists a>0a>0 such that ff is nonincreasing on (0,a)(0,a) and nondecreasing on (a,+)(a,+\infty). A Lennard--Jones type potential has the form f(r)=a1rt1a2rt2f(r)=a_1r^{-t_1}-a_2r^{-t_2}, where t1>t2>0t_1>t_2>0 and a1,a2>0a_1,a_2>0. Bétermin's conjecture. The behavior of the minimizers of Ef(L)E_f(L) with respect to the lattice area AA is qualitatively the same for all Lennard--Jones type potentials, namely, the minimizers undergo hexagonal--rhombic--square--rectangular lattice phase transitions. More generally, the same result should hold for every potential f=f1f2f=f_1-f_2 such that f1f_1 and f2f_2 are completely monotone and ff is one-well. This conjecture extends the known triangular-lattice minimization result for completely monotone potentials to non-monotone one-well potentials and predicts a universal sequence of lattice phase transitions; the general assertion remains open.

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Primary source

Senping Luo and Juncheng Wei, “On minima of difference of theta functions and application to hexagonal crystallization”, arXiv:2203.00264 (2022).

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