Hydrodynamic limit conjecture for roots of repeatedly differentiated random polynomials

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Let (ξj)j1(\xi_j)_{j\geq 1} be independent complex-valued random variables with distribution μ\mu, let Pn(z)=j=1n(zξj)P_n(z)=\prod_{j=1}^n(z-\xi_j), and let μ\lsemPn(k)\rsem\mu\lsem P_n^{(k)}\rsem denote the empirical probability measure of the roots of the kk-th derivative. Fix 0t<10\leq t<1, let k=k(n)k=k(n) satisfy

knt(n),\frac{k}{n}\to t\qquad(n\to\infty),

and suppose that μ\mu is compactly supported. Hydrodynamic limit conjecture. The random probability measure μ\lsemPn(k)\rsem\mu\lsem P_n^{(k)}\rsem converges, in the stochastic or even almost-sure sense as an MC\mathcal{M}_{\mathbb{C}}-valued random element, to a deterministic probability measure μt\mu_t as nn\to\infty. In particular, when k=o(n)k=o(n), the conjectured limit is μ0=μ\mu_0=\mu, whereas for t0t\neq 0 the measures μt\mu_t and μ\mu should in general differ.

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Primary source

Zakhar Kabluchko, “Repeated differentiation and free unitary Poisson process”, arXiv:2112.14729 (2025).

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