Let Sn be the symmetric group, let maj(π) denote the major index of π, and let M(n,k) be the number of permutations w∈Sn with inv(w)=k. For fixed k>0 and n≥k, consider the expected value of the first letter conditioned on maj(π)=k.
Major-index conjecture. This expected value is a rational function in n that is 1/(k+1) times the quotient of a monic degree-(k+1) polynomial by a monic degree-k polynomial. In particular, the source gives
E[π(1)∣π∈Sn,maj(π)=1]=21\originalleft(n−1n2+n−2\aftergroup\originalright),
E[π(1)∣π∈Sn,maj(π)=2]=31\originalleft(n2−n−2n3−n−6\aftergroup\originalright),
E[π(1)∣π∈Sn,maj(π)=3]=41\originalleft(n3−7nn4+6n3−13n2−18n\aftergroup\originalright),
E[π(1)∣π∈Sn,maj(π)=4]=51\originalleft(n4+2n3−13n2−14nn5+20n4−45n3−80n2−16n\aftergroup\originalright).
The denominator is an integer multiple of M(n,k), a degree-k polynomial. This is presented as a conjectured pattern for the major index; the supplied text gives no resolution evidence, so it remains open.