Asymptotic formula for leading-digit-restricted squares

From papers

Let BN2B\in\mathbb{N}_{\ge 2} and let D{0,1,,B1}D\subseteq\{0,1,\dots,B-1\} satisfy D2|D|\ge 2. Let αBD(n)\alpha_B^D(n) be the number of integers Bn12x<Bn+12B^{n-\frac12}\le x<B^{n+\frac12} such that the first nn base-BB digits of x2x^2 lie in DD. Leading-digit asymptotic conjecture. There exists a constant cR>0c\in\mathbb{R}_{>0} such that

limnαBD(n)Dn=c.\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\alpha_B^D(n)}{|D|^n}=c.

The preceding bounds establish exponential-order growth but not convergence to a normalized positive constant; the source gives no resolution.

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Primary source

Michael Geißer, Theresa Körner, Sascha Kurz and Anne Zahn, “Squares with three digits”, arXiv:2112.00444 (2022).

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