The root-of-unity derangement sum conjecture

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Let n>1n>1 be an integer, let ζ\zeta be a primitive nn-th root of unity, and define the derangement set

D(n):={τ∈Sn:τ(j)≠j for all j=1,…,n}.D(n):=\{\tau\in S_n:\tau(j)\ne j\text{ for all }j=1,\ldots,n\}.

For a permutation τ\tau, let sign⁡(τ)\operatorname{sign}(\tau) denote its sign. The root-of-unity derangement sum conjecture.** If nn is even, then

∑τ∈D(n)∏j=1n11−ζj−τ(j)=((n−1)!!)22n=n!4n(nn/2).\sum_{\tau\in D(n)}\prod_{j=1}^n\frac1{1-\zeta^{j-\tau(j)}}=\frac{((n-1)!!)^2}{2^n}=\frac{n!}{4^n}\binom n{n/2}.

If nn is odd, then

∑τ∈D(n−1)∏j=1n−111−ζj−τ(j)=1n(n−12!)2,\sum_{\tau\in D(n-1)}\prod_{j=1}^{n-1}\frac1{1-\zeta^{j-\tau(j)}}=\frac1n\left(\frac{n-1}{2}!\right)^2, ∑τ∈D(n−1)sign⁡(τ)∏j=1n−111−ζj−τ(j)=(−1)(n−1)/2n(n−12!)2,\sum_{\tau\in D(n-1)}\operatorname{sign}(\tau)\prod_{j=1}^{n-1}\frac1{1-\zeta^{j-\tau(j)}}=\frac{(-1)^{(n-1)/2}}n\left(\frac{n-1}{2}!\right)^2,

and

∑τ∈D(n−1)sign⁡(τ)∏j=1n−11+ζj−τ(j)1−ζj−τ(j)=(−1)(n−1)/2n((n−2)!!)2.\sum_{\tau\in D(n-1)}\operatorname{sign}(\tau)\prod_{j=1}^{n-1}\frac{1+\zeta^{j-\tau(j)}}{1-\zeta^{j-\tau(j)}}=\frac{(-1)^{(n-1)/2}}n((n-2)!!)^2.

The conjecture is motivated by a preceding theorem; the supplied text gives no resolution of these identities.

References

Primary source

Zhi-Wei Sun, “Arithmetic properties of some permanents”, arXiv:2108.07723 (2022).

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