The class-number distribution conjecture for prime-generated real quadratic fields

From papers

Let pip_i) be the ii-th prime, let P={Q(p)p prime}\mathfrak{P}=\{\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{p})\mid p\text{ prime}\}, and define

P(h=q)=limx#{ih(Q(pi))=q, ix}x.\mathbb{P}(h=q)=\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\#\{i\mid h(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{p_i}))=q,\ i\leqslant x\}}{x}.

Assume these probabilities exist for all positive odd integers qq. Write P(h=1)=P0\mathbb{P}(h=1)=\mathbb{P}_0 and P(h=q)=λqP0\mathbb{P}(h=q)=\lambda_q\mathbb{P}_0, so that λ1=1\lambda_1=1. The class-number distribution conjecture. For every odd prime pp,

λp=1p(p1),λpn=λpn1(pn/2+11)1(n2),\lambda_p=\frac{1}{p(p-1)},\qquad \lambda_{p^n}=\lambda_{p^{n-1}}\left(p^{\lfloor n/2+1\rfloor}-1\right)^{-1}\quad(n\geqslant2),

and if q=p1r1ptrtq=p_1^{r_1}\cdots p_t^{r_t}, then

λq=λp1r1λptrt.\lambda_q=\lambda_{p_1^{r_1}}\cdots\lambda_{p_t^{r_t}}.

The conjecture predicts the relative frequencies of every positive odd class number in this family. The paper states that it implies that more than 75%75\% of these fields have class number one, and hence implies Gauss's real quadratic class-number conjecture; it also notes that the claim is far from proved and that numerical convergence is slow.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jinwen Xu, “Conjectures on the distribution behavior of the class numbers of certain real quadratic number fields”, arXiv:2104.08561 (2021).

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