Conjecture on vortex corrections to the effective inverse temperature and free energies

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Let β^eff\hat\beta_{\mathrm{eff}} be the effective inverse temperature defined in the source, and let fCoul⁡(β)f^{\operatorname{Coul}}(\beta), fIV⁡(β−1)f^{\operatorname{IV}}(\beta^{-1}), fVil⁡(β)f^{\operatorname{Vil}}(\beta), and fGFF⁡f^{\operatorname{GFF}} denote the corresponding free energies. Vortex-correction conjecture. As β→∞\beta\to\infty, vortices contribute to the fluctuations so that

lim⁡β→∞log⁡(β−β^eff)β=−π2.\lim_{\beta\to\infty}\frac{\log(\beta-\hat\beta_{\mathrm{eff}})}{\beta}=-\pi^2.

Moreover, the Coulomb free-energy lower bound is asymptotically sharp:

lim⁡β→∞log⁡fCoul⁡(β)β=−π2\lim_{\beta\to\infty}\frac{\log f^{\operatorname{Coul}}(\beta)}{\beta}=-\pi^2

and

−π2=lim⁡β→∞log⁡(fIV⁡(β−1)−fGFF⁡(β−1))β=lim⁡β→∞log⁡(fVil⁡(β)−fGFF⁡(β))β.-\pi^2=\lim_{\beta\to\infty}\frac{\log\left(f^{\operatorname{IV}}(\beta^{-1})-f^{\operatorname{GFF}}(\beta^{-1})\right)}{\beta}=\lim_{\beta\to\infty}\frac{\log\left(f^{\operatorname{Vil}}(\beta)-f^{\operatorname{GFF}}(\beta)\right)}{\beta}.

These predictions quantify the exponentially small effect of vortices at low temperature and are supported in the source by rigorous lower bounds and renormalization-group analysis. The supplied text gives no resolution.

References

Primary source

Christophe Garban and Avelio Sepúlveda, “Quantitative bounds on vortex fluctuations in 2d Coulomb gas and maximum of the integer-valued Gaussian free field”, arXiv:2012.01400 (2023).

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