The smooth numbers conjecture in arithmetic progressions

Let AA be a given positive real number. For positive integers x,y,a,qx,y,a,q, let Ψ(x,y,a,q)\Psi(x,y,a,q) count the yy-smooth positive integers less than xx that are congruent to aa modulo qq, and let Ψq(x,y)\Psi_q(x,y) count those coprime to qq. Here ϕ(q)\phi(q) is Euler's totient function.

Smooth numbers conjecture. If yy and qq are large with qyAq\leq y^A, then, as logxlogy\frac{\log x}{\log y}\rightarrow\infty,

Ψ(x,y,a,q)1ϕ(q)Ψq(x,y).\Psi(x,y,a,q)\sim \frac{1}{\phi(q)}\Psi_q(x,y).

This conjecture predicts that sufficiently large moduli up to a fixed power of the smoothness bound do not bias the distribution of smooth numbers among reduced residue classes. The source presents it as a central goal and attributes it to Soundararajan; no resolution is given here.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Barry van Leeuwen, “Number Field Sieve with Provable Complexity”, arXiv:2007.02689 (2020).

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