Congruence relations among diagonal counts of Latin squares

Let LL be a Latin square of order nn. For 1kn1\leqslant k\leqslant n, let EkE_k be the number of diagonals of LL containing exactly kk distinct symbols. Let tijt_{ij} be the number of transversals in the array obtained by deleting row ii and column jj, and let NrN_r and RkR_k denote the row- and diagonal-count quantities defined in the paper. Congruence conjecture for diagonal counts. For all i,j,ri,j,r, if n0(mod4)n\equiv0\pmod4, then

EnEn12En22tijNr(mod4),E_n\equiv E_{n-1}\equiv 2E_{n-2}\equiv 2t_{ij}\equiv N_r\pmod4, R1+R3++Rn10(mod4)R_1+R_3+\cdots+R_{n-1}\equiv0\pmod4

and

R2+R4++RnEn(mod4).R_2+R_4+\cdots+R_n\equiv E_n\pmod4.

If n2(mod4)n\equiv2\pmod4, then

En12tijNr(mod4).E_{n-1}\equiv2t_{ij}\equiv N_r\pmod4.

The conjecture extends the paper's established parity relations between consecutive diagonal counts, but its full modulo-44 assertions remain open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Darcy Best and Ian M. Wanless, “Parity of transversals of Latin squares”, arXiv:1912.11230 (2019).

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