Sagan et al.'s unimodality conjecture for 321-avoiding permutations

For a positive integer nn, let Sn(321)S_n(321) be the set of 321-avoiding permutations of length nn, and for a permutation σ\sigma, let maj(σ)\operatorname{maj}(\sigma) and des(σ)\operatorname{des}(\sigma) denote its major index and number of descents. Define polynomials An,k(q)A_{n,k}(q) by

σSn(321)qmaj(σ)tdes(σ)=k=0n1tkAn,k(q).\sum_{\sigma \in S_n(321)} q^{\operatorname{maj}(\sigma)}t^{\operatorname{des}(\sigma)}=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}t^kA_{n,k}(q).

Sagan et al.'s conjecture. The polynomials An,k(q)A_{n,k}(q) are unimodal.

The conjecture concerns the refined major-index distribution on 321-avoiding permutations. The paper states that it proves this conjecture, although the supplied status metadata does not specify a resolution status.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

William J. Keith, “Families of major index distributions: closed forms and unimodality”, arXiv:1808.01362 (2018).

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